AN EXHIBIT 


PREPARED UNDER THE AUSPICES 
' OF THE 

NATIONAL 
RESEARCH COUNCIL 

WITH THE COOPERATION OF 
THE CHEMICAL WAR SERVICE OF 
THE UNITED STATES ARMY 


NOW PERMANENTLY INSTALLED AT 

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 







t-G 9 3u2.°f ^ ' 



\ 


The Chemical Exhibit 


E CENTRAL feature of the exhibit is a topographical 



model representing an idealized group of chemical indus- 


A tries such as are required in the production of dyes, war 
gases, pharmaceuticals and explosives. The model plants 
which produce the crude chemicals required are located on the 
outer portion of the topographic model, at the back and on the 
two sides, while the plants for the production of intermediates 
and finished products are in the center extending to the front 
of the model. 

At the left hand lower corner of the model is represented a 
group of sulphur wells with the accompanying power houses 
and storage bins such as are found in Louisiana and Texas 
where native sulphur is pumped to the surface from deposits 
hundreds of feet under ground. 

Adjoining the sulphur wells is a sulphuric acid plant where 
sulphur is burned to sulphur dioxide which in turn is oxidized 
in the presence of catalytic platinum to form sulphuric acid. 

Back of the sulphuric acid plant in the far left hand corner 
of the photograph is a coal mine with a tipple and accessories 
which is the original source of coal tar crudes, the coal being 
distilled in the by-product coke ovens, located in the model at 
the right of the coal mine. The chief crudes obtained from the 
coal are xylene, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, carbolic acid 
and anthracene. 

At the right of the coke oven is the fixed nitrogen plant where 
atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia, nitric acid 
and ammonium nitrate. The electric power for this plant is 
supplied by the hydro-electric power plant located on the river 
below the falls. Power from this plant is also supplied to the 
electrolytic chlorine and caustic soaa plant located on the hill 
to the right. The salt for the chlorine plant is obtained from 
the salt wells situated at the right hand lower corner of the 
model. 

. All of the crudes mentioned above are carried by miniature 
railways and boats to a large group of factory buildings in the 
center of the model where they are subjected to various chemi¬ 
cal processes and thus transformed into the different inter¬ 
mediates. The intermediate factories are in various parts of 
our country. 


[ 1 ] 


Topographic Model showing the Intimate Relation between the Coal Tar and other Industri 



































Radiating from the intermediate plant are four smaller 
plants (in the front portion of the model) one for the produc¬ 
tion of explosives, another for pharmaceuticals and medicinals, 
a third for making war gases and the fourth for the production 
of dyes. To these there might be added synthetic flavors, per¬ 
fumes, food colors, synthetic resins and the like. All of these 
four plants use the same intermediate chemicals, but by using 
suitable combinations of the chemicals and subjecting them to 
the required processes, the four different types of finished 
products mentioned are obtained. 

There are charts showing some of the intermediates and 
finished products obtained from each of the four crude chemi¬ 
cal materials—sulphur, salt, coal, and atmospheric air. On 
these charts actual samples of the chemical substances are 
attached. 

Other features of the exhibit are: a group of the various 
appliances used in offense and defense chemical warfare; col¬ 
lections of some of the more important dyes; war gases; ex¬ 
plosives; pharmaceuticals, synthetic flavors, food colors and 
perfumes derived from coal tar intermediates, and models to 
show the molecular structure of these chemicals. Such models 
or diagrams are to the chemist what blue prints are to the 
builder. The balls stand for atoms, and if the arrangement of 
these atoms is changed the character of the molecule changes 
and with it that of the compound. In synthesizing a new com¬ 
pound the research chemist must first work out the design and 
then devise processes to turn out the desired molecule. In a 
pound of a certain dye there are estimated to be more than 
40,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 complicated molecules and all 
built exactly alike—a feat seldom, if ever, accomplished outside 
of chemistry. 

It may not be generally known that even our Government had 
to go begging to Germany for dyes following the outbreak of 
the European War so as to be able to continue the printing 
of its postage stamps. You remember how the shop men 
informed you that they would not guarantee the fastness of 
certain colors. Even today our textile trade is suffering 
hecause of the bad impression which it made in South America 
by exporting poorly dyed materials. But the American dye 
manufacturers have made wonderful progress, as the large 
range of colors of American-made dyes in this exhibit indi¬ 
cates. The economic importance of the dye industry and its 
closer relationship to many other industries have made the dye¬ 
stuffs industry a pivotal one whose reasonable safeguarding 
should have the assurance of the American people. 

[3] 


Chemistry in National Welfare 

" ‘What does chemistry mean to me?’ said Mr. Averageman, 
as he looked at this page printed with ink made by a chemi¬ 
cal process. As he pushed back his cuff, bleached by a 
chemical process, and laced his shoes, made of leather tanned 
by a chemical process, he glanced through a pane of glass, 
made by a chemical process, and saw a baker’s cart full of 
bread, leavened by a chemical process, and a draper’s wagon 
delivering a parcel of silk, made by a chemical process. 

“He pulled out his pencil, made by a chemical process, and 
wrote a reminder in his note book bound in imitation morocco, 
made by a chemical process. Then he put on his hat, dyed by 
a chemical process, and stepped out upon the pavement of 
asphalt, compounded by a chemical process, bought a daily 
paper with a penny refined by a chemical process and pro¬ 
ceeded to the office where he dealt in a certain chemical com¬ 
pound called coal. 

“ ‘No,’ he added, ‘of course not, chemistry has nothing to do 
with me.’ ” 

When H. N. Casson, an editor, wrote the above lines he 
could easily have extended the examples of our dependency 
upon the chemistry of today, for there is no activity of the day 
or night that does not involve the changes and properties of 
matter. These ways of matter and their study constitute chem¬ 
istry. Not only are you shadowed by chemistry from the time 
the chemically made spring causes the alarm clock to start 
your day until you climb in between the chemically white 
sheets at night, but whether you will or not you are the director 
of the most wonderful of all chemical plants and laboratories— 
the human body. 

“Draw a breath. You have inhaled 3,000,000,000,000,000,000,- 
000 little particles of air, a jostling, pushing crowd of oxygen 
and nitrogen particles so crowded that each one bumps his 
neighbors and is bumped back five billion times every second, 
each trying to rush 1,500 feet in that time. Exhale, and out 
rush an equal number of molecules, but 120,000,000,000,000,000,- 
000 oxygen particles that went in do not come out, while their 
places are taken by carbon dioxide and water that came out of 
your body. Weigh the crowd coming out and it will be found 
heavier than that which went in. You are losing weight with 
every breath. Drink a glass of water and you have swallowed 
1,865,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of water. To form 
an idea of the size of the molecules, Lord Kelvin gives this 
illustration:—Imagine a drop of rain, or a glass sphere the size 


of a pea, magnified to the size of the earth, the molecules therein 
would then appear about the size of a golf ball. Somehow, out 
of all the molecules that you eat and breathe, you get yourself 
made and keep your body running.” 

Sometimes your management of this plant is so imperfect 
that the help of chemists is needed and then more than at 
any other time you appreciate what synthetic organic chemis¬ 
try means. It has been of necessity a long uphill fight, for syn¬ 
thetic chemistry involves an intimate and accurate knowledge 
of its building materials which goes beyond anything any 
builder ever tried to master before. 

Hundreds of years ago chemists began to inquire the why 
and how of things about them and to take them apart. From 
such analysis, particularly of inorganic things like rocks and 
ores, they began to learn the characteristics of the simple ele¬ 
ments which go to make up our world and then how they be¬ 
haved when brought up together in compounds not occurring 
in nature. From these grow up our inorganic chemical indus¬ 
tries—cement, sulphuric and other acids, soda ash, lime, steel, 
glass and the like. 

Then another group of scientists became interested in the 
organic things, meaning those resulting from growth or from 
living things and containing carbon. These were found to be 
exceedingly complex and almost without number. One day 
in 1828 an investigator succeeded in making an organic material 
from inorganic bodies and ever since the dividing line between 
these fields of chemistry has become less and less distinct. 

In organic chemistry are to be found most of those compounds 
which are placed in your hands at the times when your chemi¬ 
cal plant, with all its delicate processes, needs attention. Very 
naturally chemists became interested in medicines at an early 
date and undertook to learn just what it is in the compounds 
of nature which give them curative properties. All this time 
research had been going along on the structure of molecules, 
which were defined as the smallest conceivable particle possess¬ 
ing all the properties of the compound. These molecules are 
made up of atoms just as a word is composed of letters and the 
arrangement of the atoms is just as important as that of the 
letters in the word. 

Now comes the marvellous conception that perhaps the chem¬ 
ist can rearrange the atoms in the molecule and thus better fit 
it for a particular purpose. If the active principle in the nat¬ 
ural drug is a molecule which we can represent by the word 
a-n-y, perhaps it would be better to make it in the laboratory 
for the sake of uniformity, purity and constancy of supply. 
May be if the letters were rearranged giving the word n-a-y it 

[5] 



Sulphur enters into a large number of intermediates and 
finished products employed in the arts. By treating sulphur 
with chlorine we get a liquid, sulphur chloride, which is 
used in making the war gas, “mustard gas,” and also in the 
vulcanization of rubber. Then, by burning sulphur in air 
sulphur dioxide is formed, useful as a germicide and em¬ 
ployed in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp. By 
other chemical reactions we get products that are used in 
bleaching, tanning, photography, and in the manufacture of 
fertilizers, medicinals, dyes, inks, etc. The chart indicates 
merely a few of these. 


[ 6 ] 















would be better, or if the letter (atom) m were added, giving a 
new word or molecule m-a-n-y, it would do more exact work in 
the body. The possibilities are exceedingly attractive. The 
conceivable combinations are theoretically more than two mil¬ 
lion. Two hundred and fifty thousand are already known but 
it has taken many years of work of many men to make their 
acquaintance. 

Let us see what this tearing apart and building up of mole¬ 
cules has meant to the race. In India the natives extract an oil 
from the berries of several bushes and through chance they 
found that it seemed to cure some victims of leprosy. But the 
human stomach cannot tolerate doses, sufficiently large to make 
the oil really efficient. Enter the chemist as an aid to medicine 
and, by the way, the chemist constantly cooperates with all 
scientists. Soon the active principles of chalmoogra oil are 
found to be two acids. These are isolated. Salts are made from 
them and these new compounds, not found in nature, are soluble 
and can be tolerated by the body when given in quantities to 
be effective against the bacillus of leprosy. For the first time 
in history man now has an advantage over this dread bacillus. 

Consistent, continued and adequate support of research pro¬ 
duces such results when chemistry takes the molecules and 
atoms of nature and so assembles them that they serve man’s 
peculiar needs. Our knowledge has already advanced to the 
stage where atoms are as building materials in the hands of an 
architect and builder to be assembled in accordance with a care¬ 
fully thought-out design. But the chemist is confronted with 
a problem made exceedingly difficult because of the sensitive 
structure—the human body—which he would aid. To destroy 
an infectious disease without injury to the body itself ap¬ 
proaches the impossible. An incomplete similarity is to treat 
food so that it will be 100% preserved and still remain a 100% 
food. 

The provision of new compounds has brought great bless¬ 
ings to the people. Here an objectionable and unnecessary 
group of atoms has been removed from a natural product. 
We have novocaine, a wonderful improvement over cocaine. 
A way to introduce arsenic is found so that it will be effective 
against syphilis, and the world hails salvarsan, which is soon 
superseded by neosalvarsan. The sad plight of the morphine 
addict leads the chemist to search for a non-habit-forming com¬ 
pound which will perform the same service in medicine. Benzyl 
benzoate answers the call. The little wintergreen plant is un¬ 
able to supply all the salicylic acid cheap enough so the chemist 
makes it from coal-tar products and acetyl salicylate is used by 
the thousands of pounds as “aspirin.” And so illustration may 

[7] 



Thousand of products are obtained from coal. By dis¬ 
tillation comes coke, illuminating gas, and tar. The latter 
gives us a large number of what are called “crudes.” By 
nitration we obtain from one of these, toluene, the high ex¬ 
plosive trinitrotoluene (T. N. T.) the dyes, Congo Red and 
Patent Blue, or the war gas, brombenzylcyanide. Benzene, 
by nitration, gives nitrobenzene and from that we get aniline, 
the base of various dyes, such as Butter Yellow and Acid 
Violet, the war gas diphenylchlorarsine and the medicinal 
acetanilide. 

A large number of other products are obtained from the 
crudes shown on the chart, and an equally large number can 
be obtained from the other crudes, such as xylene, naptha- 
lene, etc. 


[ 8 ] 
















The two main products of salt are chlorine and caustic 
soda, which are obtained by the electrolytic decomposition 
of brine (salt solution). Just a few of the products ob¬ 
tained from these and their use are indicated on the chart. 
One does not always associate the production of a deadly 
war gas with the extraction of gold or the manufacture of 
soap, but the arrows show the relation. Then, too, few 
people may think that the same chlorine which was one of 
the principal materials required in the war gas program has 
also wide use in drinking water purification and by various 
treatments gives us such important products as chloroform 
and synthetic indigo. 


[ 9 ] 


















When air is liquefied it is readily separated into two 
main constituents, oxygen and nitrogen. The accompany¬ 
ing chart illustrates a few of the uses for which these ele¬ 
ments and their products are employed. 

Oxygen is used in the oxyacetylene welding of metals, 
as a medicinal, and in the synthesis of phosgene, a war gas 
and dye intermediate. 

Nitrogen combines with calcium carbide to form the 
fertilizer, calcium cyanamide, from which the important 
chemical, ammonia, is obtained. Ammonia in turn is used 
for the production of ammonium nitrate, a high explosive 
and fertilizer, from which the anesthetic, nitrous oxide, is 
obtained, and nitric acid which is used for making explosives 
such as nitroglycerine and cellulose nitrate, the war gas, 
chlorpicrin, and in the synthesis of dye intermediates such 
as aniline. 














be added to illustration turning up surprise after surprise until 
we are reminded of the old song which concluded with the in¬ 
credulous “What! Highballs rolling on the ground? Yes, 
highballs rolling on the ground,” and paraphrase it with “What! 
all these drugs from coal-tar? Yes, every one and many more 
to come!” 

In chemistry, as in civilization, nothing of importance, no 
matter how essential, stands alone. Things are too complex 
and interdependent for that. If the chemist could have all his 
building material in his desired finished product, as a mason 
has all the bricks and mortar in his wall, it would be so much 
easier. As it is he inevitably has many compounds at each step 
in his process for which new uses must be found if satisfactory 
selling prices are to be realized. The chemist usually does this, 
but the interrelation of the seeming dissimilar special chemical 
lines is not generally understood by the outside world. The 
by-products of one operation are the raw materials for another 
product. We cannot go forward with our program for curative 
medicine unless we establish the whole organic chemical indus¬ 
try. You cannot enjoy the lean of the porterhouse steak with¬ 
out buying with it the bone and the fat. 

The relatives of synthetic medicines include perfumes, of 
which some nine hundred are now made in the laboratory in¬ 
dependent of the flower gardens. Really it seems beyond be¬ 
lief. Violet that once cost $1200.00 per pound is displaced by a 
better scent at $12.00 per pound. Then came artificial musk at 
$100.00 per pound to be quickly locked in the fireproof vaults. 
The joke was on America for it was only 5% musk! By and by 
10% goods were sent from Germany for the same price. Was 
not that generosity? Well, today in America 100% artificial 
musk can be had at about $8.00 per pound, quality unsurpassed. 

This reminds one of the price per dose of salvarsan which 
was imported before the war at about $3.50, while equally good 
material is now made here to sell for one-tenth that sum. For¬ 
eign manufacturers have frequently made their chemical spe¬ 
cialties pay the expenses of their business and in the absence 
of American competition have never been satisfied with legiti¬ 
mate profits. 

The story of Phenacetin—the well known febrifuge and ano¬ 
dyne, is most interesting. Interesting, because this artificial 
alkaloid proved during the last 30 years to be one of the drugs 
on the action of which the physician relied with confidence; 
interesting also because it was a great chemical success finan¬ 
cially. Thus, to illustrate;—Phenacetin was first successfully 
introduced during the influenza epidemic of 1890-91 and listed 
in the United States Custom House records as coming in val- 

[ 11 ] ; 



DRUGS: From benzol, one of the coal-tar bases, are 
derived many valuable drugs. Some of these like phenol 
(carbolic acid), resorcin, salicylic acid and the sulfocarbo- 
lates are well known antiseptics; less known, but among the 
most valuable antiseptics are proflavine and acriflavine also 
made from a benzol product — anilin. 

Antipyretics (fever reducers) and analgesic (pain re¬ 
lievers) from the same source which are highly prized are 
phenacetin, acetanilid, while among the Antirrheumatics 
are found salophen, aspirin, artificial oil of wintergreen. 
Again we obtain saligenin, a local anesthetic, salvarsan or 
“ 606 ” for syphilis—all from the same source. 

Toluol, xylol, naphthaline, pyridin, carbazol are among 
the other coal-tar bases contributing valuable drugs. 



[ 12 ] 
















































ued at $1.92 the pound, yet the usual price at which it was then 
purchasable by the trade was $16.00 the pound and this fancy 
and certainly profitable price was maintained by the German 
producers during the life of the patent—17 years. At the same 
time, phenacetin sold in Canada at $4.00 the pound, and in 
Germany at one-half the Canadian price. Phenacetin is now 
being made in the United States and its price is under $2.00 
the pound. 

Antiseptics . The word is well known to all as signifying 
the prevention of infection or poisoning. Before the dawn of 
the modern antiseptic surgery the physician was more or less 
apprehensive of the outcome of the operation and cases of 
septicaemia and gangrene were not uncommon—even where 
the best of care was exercised. The history of the modern 
antiseptics is practically the history of preventive medicine. 
It is well known that during the Civil War more soldiers died 
in the camps from infection due to contagion than from bullets 
on the battlefield. Antiseptics may be internal and they may 
be external. Those of the coal-tar chemical origin are certainly 
the most interesting. The list would be too long to mention 
even a part of it here. Phenol, better known as Carbolic Acid, 
was so long used as a household remedy that it hardly needs 
an introduction except that it was among the first coal-tar anti¬ 
septics generally employed. Doctor Lister, who was the first 
to employ phenol in surgery as early as 1860 is called the 
“father of antiseptic surgery.” 

But the World War period witnessed the introduction of 
the most remarkable of antiseptics. These are Chloramine 
and Dichloramine-T, both products of Tuluol obtained from 
coal-tar. Dichloramine-T contains about 29% of Chlorin in a 
condition where its action on the tissues is only very slight, 
whereas, its germicidal action is very powerful. Very few cases 
of gangrene developed in victims of the battlefield owing to its 
employment. No less interesting are the two yellow dyestuffs: 
Proflavine and Acriflavine. Both are produced from Anilin 
and therefore are coal-tar products. Flavines (as this class of 
drugs is called) will kill the germs producing ordinary ab¬ 
scesses when in a solution as dilute as 1 part of the dye to 
200,000 parts of water, but at the same time the antiseptic does 
not interfere with the repair action of the white-blood cor¬ 
puscles, yet its action is claimed to be 800 times as strong as 
Carbolic Acid and 20 times as strong as Corrosive Sublimate. 

Two of our most important means for education and enter¬ 
tainment owe their existence to the chemical industry. The 
motion picture film from base to developed image is a chemical 
product. The developers themselves have only been made com- 

[13] 



Benzol, Toluol and Naphthalin—to mention only three coal-tar 
bases—contribute some of the wonderful perfumes and scents which 
“ Milady” is so fond of. Thus, from Benzol we obtain Diphenylmethane 
—a Geranium-like smelling liquid, and another, Diphenyl-oxid, a crystal- 
lin body smelling of Rose Geranium leaves. Phenylethylalcohol, an 
artificial Rose perfume (also a local anesthetic), and from this an 
Hyacinth-like smelling body may be obtained, but their parent body 
is Phenol. Vanillin may be mentioned here, smelling and tasting of 
Vanilla extract. 

From Toluol is made Benzaldehyd—the Almond bloom scent; also 
an artificial cherry flavor, the Anthranilates smelling of orange blos¬ 
soms: methyl benzoate, a tuberose body, and two bodies related to the 
benzaldehyd above—thus orthoxy benzaldehyd gives us the fragrance 
of “Meadowsweet,” while the paraxvbenzaldehyd delightfully smells of 
“Hawthorne blossoms.” We have others which smell of Rose, the Car¬ 
nation, etc. 

Naphthalin contributes nerolin and bromelia, etc . 

[14] 
































mercially in America since the organic chemical industry took 
root here under war conditions. The phonographic record is 
largely a synthetic resin made from the coal-tar product phenol 
(carbolic acid) and formalin (formaldehyde). These conden¬ 
sation products appear also in pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, 
varnishes and lacquers, molded insulation, combs, ornamental 
beads, handles, etc. 

Closely related are the flavors, as wonderful as the perfumes, 
satisfactory in use and in quality, accessible and economic. 

The relation of the chemical industry to national defense is 
just as close as it is to the defense of the body against disease. 
The newer phases, although emphasized, are still so unfamiliar 
to many as to be beyond belief. When a man has always 
thought of a bullet that is soon spent, it is not easy for him to 
think of molecules which behave quite differently. It involves 
so radical a change in the conception of offense and defense 
that rapid adjustment to the new conditions is not to be ex¬ 
pected. But chemical warfare is the warfare of the future 
whether it is carried on in the air, land or sea and the nation 
which will remain safest from attack, most powerful in defense, 
is that one most advanced in chemical research. How can the 
whole population be better protected than by such a knowledge, 
backed by suitable equipment and stores of gas such that no 
one dares attack for fear of dreadful annihilating retaliation. 

The close relation of these various special branches of chem¬ 
istry is further emphasized by the various uses for the same 
material. Benzyl benzoate is a solvent, a diluent and a fixative 
for perfumes. The same compound is a substitute for morphine, 
this use having first been suggested and its efficiency proven 
at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Again in the arts 
it is a softening agent and solvent for making artificial leathers 
and for the “dope” on airplane wings. Another example is 
phosgene, a deadly war gas, which now enters into perfume and 
dye manufacture and has been suggested for commercial uses 
in other industries. 

Now America did not have these organic chemical industries 
before the war. The paradox exists that she now has them and 
yet does not hold them. They are here but will go with a sud¬ 
denness approaching magic unless we want them badly enough 
to really have them. We can have them and excel in them if 
we will really support them. The only way to keep the chem¬ 
ical industry is to keep ahead in it. 

Oh, yes! what of dyes? Only this: the coal-tar dye industry 
is the daddy of them all. The first such dye was discovered 
because Perkin was trying to make quinine in his laboratory. 
Nowadays the dye industry, of all these organic chemical in- 

115 ] 


dustries, is the only one capable of operating on a scale large 
enough to afford materials for medicines and the others. It 
trains men on a large scale. It makes organic chemical re¬ 
search more active and extensive and it creates for peace uses 
potential arsenals which no one knows when we may have to 
use. Indeed the dye industry constitutes the only self-sup¬ 
porting arsenal the world has ever known. 

More than this, several dyestuffs are used as medicines be¬ 
cause of their strong parasiticidal action. Methylene Blue is 
used internally in nephritis, rheumatism and relapsing fevers. 
Trypan Red and Trypan Blue are highly useful in fighting such 
tropical diseases as sleeping sickness. Scarlet Red stimulates 
the growth of tissue over granulating wounds. Malachite and 
Brilliant Green have been used extensively as antiseptics. 
Even salvarsan (“606”) is really a dye made to carry over 30% 
of arsenic to destroy parasites without exerting its toxic effects 
on the human organism. Two intense yellows—Proflavine 
and Acriflavine—have desirable qualities possessed by no other 
antiseptics, being non-toxic and non-irritating. 

Was there ever such a complex, interdependent, indispen¬ 
sable industry since time began? No wonder the man without 
special training has difficulty in comprehending it! But he 
does know how to appreciate medicine when he is ill, recorded 
music when in the mood, the delicate perfume, the pleasing col¬ 
or combination, the need to be ready to defend all he holds dear. 
Why then can he not see the necessity of firmly establishing 
the sources of these vital products? 

H. E. HOWE. 


National Research Council, 
Washington, D. C. 


A glance at the skeleton on the opposite page will show how diversified are the 
industries depending upon the coal-tar bases and their intermediates. Let us recount a 
few depending on the American Organic Chemicals for their life. 

1. Solvents—Varnishes, celluloid, degreasing, artificial silk, rubber; 2. Artificial 
ice plants, refrigeration, packing industry; 3. Fertilizers—Agriculture, horticulture, 
food production; 4. Tanning Industry—Artificial tanners, leather; S. Electric Power, 
transmission; 6. Paint, lacquer, enamels; 7. Mining, floatation of metals; 8. Wood 
preservation, Navigation, docks; 9. Plumbing, home sanitation; 10. Waterproofing— 
Subways, tunnels; 11. Municipal sanitation—disinfection; 12. Dyestuff—Making, 
dyeing, bleaching, paper making; 13. Lubrication—Mechanics, Vehicles; 14. Con¬ 
struction, building, roofing, sealing, transportation; 15. Waterproofing—Textiles, 
leather, automobile upholstery; 16. Explosives, mining, agriculture, warfare, construc¬ 
tion; 17. Developers, photography, “Movies”, Lithography, Etching; 18. Insulation 
of electric and sanitary appliances; 19. Targets for military—National defense, Sport; 
20. Medicinals, pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, preservatives; 21. Paving, asphalting, 
etc.; 22. Fuel—Heating; 23. Gas, Lighting, Ventilation; 24. Telegraphy, electrodes, 
insulation; 25. Telephony, electrodes, insulation, hard rubber; 26. Perfumes, cosmetics, 
hygienic preparations; 27. Artificial resins, phonographic records. 

Thus over 50 industries employing over four million people depend on the coal-tar 
organic chemical industry. 


[ 16 ] 


CHART SHOWING VARIETY OF INDUSTRIES DEPENDING UPON COAL-TAR BASES 


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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


0 007 299 242 8 


Compliments of 

The Chemical Foundation 
81 Fulton Street 
New York 













